A collection of academic papers, books and other media on the meta-study of protocol practice across domains (mostly focused in in biology and medicine, but extends to distributed networks and indigenous knowledge).
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95 references, APA style, date first.
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2026
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Journal article
Jones, E. (2026). The problem of baselining. Biology & Philosophy, 41(4), 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-026-10029-5
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Book
Huberman, A. D. (2026). Protocols: An Operating Manual for the Human Body. S&S/Simon Element.
2025
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Preprint
Zargham, M., & Ben-Meir, I. (2025). Protocols and Institutions. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15116453
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Book
Regen Foundation. (2025). Ecological Institutions: Law, Economics, and Technology in a More-Than-Human World. https://www.regen.foundation/#ecological-institutions-book
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Book chapter
Shavit, A., & Griesemer, J. R. (2025). Transforming Objects into Data: How Minute Technicalities of Recording “Species Location” Entrench a Basic Challenge for Biodiversity. In R. A. Ankeny, M. R. Dietrich, & S. Leonelli (Eds.), Scaffolding: Selected Contributions of James R. Griesemer to History, Philosophy, and Biology (pp. 267–291). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-84609-0_18
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Journal article
Bollhagen, A. (2025). Creativity and Practical Underdetermination: How Experimental Science Steps Into the Epistemic Adjacent Possible. Biological Theory, 2025. https://philarchive.org/rec/BOLCAP-5
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Journal article
Bocchi, F. (2025). Turning Biodiversity Data Into Evidence: The Role of Protocols in the Epistemology of Evidence-Based Conservation. Biosocieties, 20(4). https://philarchive.org/rec/BOCTBD
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Book
Veigl, S. J., & Currie, A. (2025). Methods in the philosophy of science: a user’s guide. MIT press.
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Book
Venkatesh, R., Beiko, T., & Davis, J. (2025). Protocol Reader - Summer of Protocols (1st ed.).
2024
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Journal article
Schmidt, K. (2024). ‘The Discipline of Steel’: Technical Knowledge in the Coordinative Practices of Steelmaking. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10606-024-09488-9
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Book
Schmidt, K. (2024). The concept of “practice” and its complications.
2023
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Journal article
Smolka, M. (2023). Making epistemic goods compatible: knowledge-making practices in a lifestyle intervention RCT on mindfulness and compassion meditation. BioSocieties, 18(2), 359–388. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41292-022-00272-w
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Book chapter
Bentley, J. (2023). Neurath’s Conception of Protocol Statements. In J. Bentley, Logical Empiricism and Naturalism (pp. 67–96). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29328-3_3
2022
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Journal article
Bentley, J. (2022). Protocol statements, physicalism, and metadata: Otto Neurath on scientific evidence. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 96, 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2022.09.007
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Book
Nersessian, N. J. (2022). Interdisciplinarity in the Making: Models and Methods in Frontier Science. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14667.001.0001
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Journal article
Fritsch, C. (2022). Buffer Recipes V.1. https://www.protocols.io/view/buffer-recipes-bp2l6brkrgqe/v1
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Journal article
Dupré, J., & Leonelli, S. (2022). Process epistemology in the COVID-19 era: rethinking the research process to avoid dangerous forms of reification. European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 12(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13194-022-00450-4
2021
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Journal article
McLellan, T. (2021). Tools for an efficient witness: Deskilling science and devaluing labor at an agro-environmental research institute. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 11(2), 537–550. https://doi.org/10.1086/716421
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Journal article
Nguyen, C. T. (2021). Transparency is Surveillance. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, phpr.12823. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12823
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Journal article
Brekke, J. K. (2021). Hacker-engineers and Their Economies: The Political Economy of Decentralised Networks and ‘Cryptoeconomics.’ New Political Economy, 26(4), 646–659. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2020.1806223
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Journal article
Brekke, J. K., Beecroft, K., & Pick, F. (2021). The Dissensus Protocol: Governing Differences in Online Peer Communities. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2021.641731
2020
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Journal article
Boem, F. (2020). Scientific Protocols as Recipes: A New Way to Look at Experimental Practice in the Life Sciences and the Hidden Philosophy Within. HUMANA.MENTE Journal of Philosophical Studies, 13(38), 281–299. https://www.humanamente.eu/index.php/HM/article/view/326
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Journal article
Voelkl, B., Altman, N. S., Forsman, A., Forstmeier, W., Gurevitch, J., Jaric, I., Karp, N. A., Kas, M. J., Schielzeth, H., Van De Casteele, T., & Würbel, H. (2020). Reproducibility of animal research in light of biological variation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 21(7), 384–393. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-020-0313-3
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Journal article
Würbel, H., Voelkl, B., Altman, N. S., Forsman, A., Forstmeier, W., Gurevitch, J., Jaric, I., Karp, N. A., Kas, M. J., Schielzeth, H., & Van De Casteele, T. (2020). Reply to ‘It is time for an empirically informed paradigm shift in animal research.’ Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 21(11), 661–662. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-020-0370-7
2019
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Journal article
Hauskeller, C., Baur, N., & Harrington, J. (2019). Standards, harmonization and cultural eifferences: examining the implementation of a European stem cell clinical trial. Science as Culture, 28(2), 174–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2017.1347613
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Journal article
Leonelli, S. (2019). What distinguishes data from models? European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 9(2), 22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13194-018-0246-0
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Journal article
Kera, D., Huang, H., Agrivine, I., & Surya, T. (2019). Open Science Hardware (OSH) for Development: Transnational Networks and Local Tinkering in Southeast Asia. CONTEXTUALIZING OPENNESS, 59. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/39849/1/INT_2_Contextualizing%20Openness_PRINT%20%281%29.pdf#page=65
2017
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Book
Hollnagel, E. (2017). The ETTO Principle: Efficiency-Thoroughness Trade-Off: Why Things That Go Right Sometimes Go Wrong. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315616247
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Journal article
Quintela-del-Río, A., & Francisco-Fernández, M. (2017). Excel Templates: A Helpful Tool for Teaching Statistics. The American Statistician, 71(4), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2016.1186115
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Conference paper
Dolejšová, M., & Kera, D. (2017). Soylent Diet Self-Experimentation: Design Challenges in Extreme Citizen Science Projects. Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, 2112–2123. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998365
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Journal article
Kera, D. (2017). Science Artisans and Open Science Hardware. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 37(2), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467618774978
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Journal article
Latour, B. (2017). Visualization and Cognition: Drawing things Together. Philosophical Literary Journal Logos, 27(2), 95–151. https://doi.org/10.22394/0869-5377-2017-2-95-151
2016
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Journal article
Elliott, K. C. (2016). Standardized study designs, value judgments, and financial conflicts of interest in research. Perspectives on Science, 24(5), 529–551. https://doi.org/10.1162/POSC_a_00222
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Web page
PROTOCOL ANALYSIS: methods for eliciting and analyzing valid verbal reports on thinking. (2016, August 28). https://web.archive.org/web/20160828160340/https://psy.fsu.edu/faculty/ericsson/ericsson.proto.thnk.html
2015
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Book
Weber’s Rationalism and Modern Society: New Translations on Politics, Bureaucracy, and Social Stratification. (2015). Springer.
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Journal article
Acker, A. (2015). How cells became records: standardization and infrastructure in tissue culture. Archival Science, 15(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-013-9213-x
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Journal article
John, S. (2015). Inductive risk and the contexts of communication. Synthese, 192(1), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-014-0554-7
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Book chapter
Waters, T., & Waters, D. (2015). Bureaucracy. In T. Waters & D. Waters (Eds.), Weber’s Rationalism and Modern Society: New Translations on Politics, Bureaucracy, and Social Stratification (pp. 73–127). Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137365866_6
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Book
Waters, T., & Waters, D. (Eds.). (2015). Weber’s Rationalism and Modern Society. Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137365866
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Book
Pickar, G. D. (with Internet Archive). (2015). Dosage calculations. Toronto, Ontario : Nelson Education. http://archive.org/details/dosagecalculatio0000pick_q2d4
2013
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Journal article
Leonelli, S. (2013). Global data for local science: Assessing the scale of data infrastructures in biological and biomedical research. BioSocieties, 8(4), 449–465. https://doi.org/10.1057/biosoc.2013.23
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Journal article
Gerson, E. M. (2013). Integration of specialties: An institutional and organizational view. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 44(4), 515–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2012.10.002
2012
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Journal article
Lorenz, T. C. (2012). Polymerase Chain Reaction: Basic Protocol Plus Troubleshooting and Optimization Strategies. Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE, (63), 3998. https://doi.org/10.3791/3998
2011
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Journal article
Webster, A., Haddad, C., & Waldby, C. (2011). Experimental heterogeneity and standardisation: stem cell products and the clinical trial process. BioSocieties, 6(4), 401–419. https://doi.org/10.1057/biosoc.2011.17
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Book
Busch, L. (2011). Standards: Recipes for Reality. The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8962.001.0001
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Journal article
Chang, H. (2011). The Philosophical Grammar of Scientific Practice. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 25(3), 205–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2011.605244
2010
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Journal article
Timmermans, S., & Epstein, S. (2010). A world of standards but not a standard world: toward a sociology of standards and standardization. Annual Review of Sociology, 36(1), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102629
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Journal article
Ottinger, G. (2010). Buckets of resistance: standards and the effectiveness of citizen science. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 35(2), 244–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243909337121
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Book
Timmermans, S., & Berg, M. (2010). The gold standard: the challenge of evidence-based medicine. Temple University Press.
2009
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Journal article
Leplat, J. (2009). Hollnagel, E. (2009). The ETTO Principle: Efficiency - Thoroughness Trade - Off. Why things that go right sometimes go wrong? Activités, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.4000/activites.2284
2008
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Book
Kelty, C. M. (2008). Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software. Duke University Press.
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Journal article
Eriksson, L., & Webster, A. (2008). Standardizing the unknown: practicable pluripotency as doable futures. Science as Culture, 17(1), 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505430701872814
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Journal article
Clarke, A. E., & Star, S. L. (2008). 5 The Social Worlds Framework: A Theory/Methods Package.
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Journal article
Sherin, M. G., Russ, R. S., Sherin, B. L., & Colestock, A. (2008). Professional Vision in Action: 17(2).
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Book chapter
Gerson, E. M. (2008). Reach, Bracket, and the Limits of Rationalized Coordination: Some Challenges for CSCW. In Resources, Co-Evolution and Artifacts (pp. 193–220). Springer London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-901-9_8
2006
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Journal article
McNeile, A., & Simons, N. (2006). Protocol modelling: A modelling approach that supports reusable behavioural abstractions. Software & Systems Modeling, 5(1), 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-005-0100-7
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Book
Galloway, A. R. (2006). Protocol: how control exists after decentralization (1. MIT Press paperback ed). MIT Press.
2002
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Journal article
Lynch, M. (2002). Protocols, practices, and the reproduction of technique in molecular biology. The British Journal of Sociology, 53(2), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071310220133304
2000
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Journal article
Würbel, H. (2000). Behaviour and the standardization fallacy. Nature Genetics, 26(3), 263–263. https://doi.org/10.1038/81541
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Journal article
Berg, M., & Timmermans, S. (2000). Orders and their others: on the constitution of universalities in medical work. Configurations, 8(1), 31–61. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/8183
1999
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Journal article
Star, S. L. (1999). The Ethnography of Infrastructure. American Behavioral Scientist, 43(3), 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027649921955326
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Journal article
Simone, C., Mark, G., & Giubbilei, D. (1999). Interoperability as a means of articulation work. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 24(2), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1145/295666.295671
1998
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Journal article
Feist, G. J., & Gorman, M. E. (1998). The Psychology of Science: Review and Integration of a Nascent Discipline. Review of General Psychology, 2(1), 3–47. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.1.3
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Book chapter
Berg, M. (1998). Order(s) and disorder(s): of protocols and medical practices. In M. Berg & A. Mol (Eds.), Differences in Medicine (pp. 226–246). Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1220pvr.14
1997
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Journal article
Berg, M. (1997). Problems and promises of the protocol. Social Science & Medicine, 44(8), 1081–1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00235-3
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Journal article
Timmermans, S., & Berg, M. (1997). Standardization in Action: Achieving Local Universality through Medical Protocols. Social Studies of Science, 27(2), 273–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631297027002003
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Book chapter
Suchman, L. (1997). Centers of coordination: a case and some themes. In L. B. Resnick, R. Säljö, C. Pontecorvo, & B. Burge (Eds.), Discourse, Tools and Reasoning (pp. 41–62). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03362-3_3
1996
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Journal article
Berg, M. (1996). Working with protocols: a sociological view. The Netherlands Journal of Medicine, 49(3), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-2977(96)00030-7
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Document
Suchman, L. A. (1996). Supporting articulation work. https://books.google.com/books?hl=de&lr=&id=vvSVtTkmfv4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA407&dq=articulation+work&ots=DRsE_ToSWO&sig=L9WFYvnuXqN3tQs_pPzyl0njm8Y
1995
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Journal article
Theraulaz, G., & Bonabeau, E. (1995). Coordination in Distributed Building. Science, 269(5224), 686–688. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5224.686
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Journal article
Hogle, L. F. (1995). Standardization across non-standard domains: the case of organ procurement. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 20(4), 482–500. https://www.jstor.org/stable/689871
1994
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Journal article
Goodwin, C. (1994). Professional Vision. American Anthropologist, 96(3), 606–633. https://www.jstor.org/stable/682303
1993
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Journal article
Winograd, T. (1993). Categories, disciplines, and social coordination. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 2(3), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00749016
1991
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Book chapter
Lynch, M. (1991). Method: measurement – ordinary and scientific measurement as ethnomethodological phenomena. In G. Button (Ed.), Ethnomethodology and the Human Sciences (1st ed., pp. 77–108). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611827.006
1989
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Book chapter
The Structure of Ill-Structured Solutions: Boundary Objects and Heterogeneous Distributed Problem Solving. (1989). In Distributed Artificial Intelligence (pp. 37–54). Morgan Kaufmann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-55860-092-8.50006-X
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Journal article
Star, S. L., & Griesemer, J. R. (1989). Institutional Ecology, “Translations” and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39. Social Studies of Science, 19(3), 387–420. http://www.lchc.ucsd.edu/MCA/Mail/xmcamail.2012_08.dir/pdfMrgHgzULhA.pdf
1988
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Journal article
Clark, D. (1988). The design philosophy of the DARPA internet protocols. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., 18(4), 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1145/52325.52336
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Journal article
Strauss, A. (1988). The Articulation of Project Work: An Organizational Process. The Sociological Quarterly, 29(2), 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1988.tb01249.x
1986
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Journal article
Gerson, E. M., & Star, S. L. (1986). Analyzing due process in the workplace. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 4(3), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1145/214427.214431
1978
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Web page
Medawar, P. B. (1978). Is the Scientific Paper Fraudulent? Yes; It Misrepresents Scientific Thought. Eweb:21512. https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/779420
Undated
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Web page
Zotero | Connectors. (n.d.). Retrieved August 5, 2026, from https://www.zotero.org/download/connectors
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Reference
WRAP-Boundary-work-groups-occupations-organizations-Nicolini-2019.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved July 24, 2026, from https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/117503/1/WRAP-Boundary-work-groups-occupations-organizations-Nicolini-2019.pdf
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Manuscript
Yoshida, Y. (n.d.). Varying protocols to generate comparable models [Unpublished manuscript].
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Journal article
Raymond, E. S. (n.d.). The Cathedral and the Bazaar.
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Reference
https://testing.civilizationemerging.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/An-Immanent-Metaphysics-Forrest-Landry.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved May 27, 2026, from https://testing.civilizationemerging.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/An-Immanent-Metaphysics-Forrest-Landry.pdf
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Reference
PMBOK.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved April 9, 2026, from https://www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/~cagatay/cs413/PMBOK.pdf
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Web page
Results - OpenURL Connection - EBSCO. (n.d.). Retrieved February 14, 2026, from https://openurl.ebsco.com/openurl?sid=ebsco:plink:scholar&id=ebsco:gcd:153746470&crl=c
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Document
Alcalay_Sin_Tree_Draft. (n.d.).
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Journal article
Ruddick, W. O. (n.d.). Grassroots Economics Foundation.
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Journal article
Bach, V. (n.d.). Season to Measure: Measurements in Early Culinary Recipes and their Relation to Medicine. Retrieved December 7, 2025, from https://www.oxfordsymposium.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Bach.pdf
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Web page
Current ENCODE Experiment Guidelines – ENCODE. (n.d.). Retrieved April 24, 2025, from https://www.encodeproject.org/about/experiment-guidelines/
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Journal article
Havel, M., & Beiko, T. (n.d.). Protocol Foundations 002: Addressing.
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Journal article
Bocchi, F. (n.d.). Measuring Biodiversity: Moving Away from Biodiversity Skepticism via Scientific Practices. 31.
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Journal article
Sheehan, N. (n.d.). Epistemic Exclusions in Open Research Data Infrastructures: An Account of Participatory Informational Format Exclusion (PIFE).
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Reference
(N.d.).